Examining School Environmental Constraints: A Comparative Study of Manitoba and Hong Kong Schools

Authors

  • Y. L. Jack Lam Brandon University

Keywords:

Comparative education, Contingency theory, Educational administration, Manitoba, Hong Kong

Abstract

Empirical study of environmental constraints on organizational adaptation, using both contingency theory and a School Environmental Constraint Instrument (SECI), showed that Manitoba and Hong Kong public school systems operated in environments whose characteristics and constraints were region-specific. Indeed, some adaptations of the systems were inconsistent with contingency theory.

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Published

2026-10-14

How to Cite

Lam , Y. L. J. (2026). Examining School Environmental Constraints: A Comparative Study of Manitoba and Hong Kong Schools. Canadian Journal of Education Revue Canadienne De l’éducation, 14(4), 457–470. Retrieved from https://cje-rce.ca/index.php/cje-rce/article/view/8421

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