Establishing, Pursuing, and Renegotiating Career Goals at the Post-School Transition Among Young Women with Learning-Related Disabilities

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53967/cje-rce.7563

Keywords:

learning disabilities, post-school transitions, post-secondary transition, education, gender

Abstract

Young women with learning-related disabilities (LRD), like specific learning disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, face significant academic, social, and institutional barriers in their post-school transition. Using thematic analysis, this study examined the profiles of 12 women in Quebec with LRD interviewed four and eight years after exiting high school—most without a high school diploma. Common themes were identified among young women having transitioned into meaningful occupations in early adulthood, highlighting the value of contextual school-based supports and the importance of setting and adhering to clear and specific individual vocational goals, both in the short and long term. Findings also underscore the pitfalls of pursuing general academic paths without a well-chartered plan, while advocating the potential of vocational programs as promising avenues toward employment or further education for women with LRD for whom traditional post-school trajectories pose challenges.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Author Biographies

Julia Stamp, Université de Montréal

Julia Stamp is a registered psychologist with a background in educational and school psychology. Her research examines the post-school trajectories of youth with learning disabilities, notably in education and employment, and the individual and contextual factors that facilitate positive transitions into satisfying early adulthood occupations, particularly among young women.

Véronique Dupéré, université de Montréal

Véronique Dupéré is a Professor at the University of Montréal and holds the Canada Research Chair on Transition to Adulthood. Through a life-course perspective, her research examines how contexts, life stressors, social inequalities, and sources of support shape educational, vocational, and psychosocial pathways, resilience, and positive adjustment during adolescence-to-adulthood transitions.

Jiseul Sophia Ahn, université de Montréal

Jiseul Sophia Ahn is a Banting postdoctoral research fellow at the Université de Montréal whose work focuses identity and career development, school-to-work transitions, psychosocial adjustment among youth facing educational challenges. Her work examines factors that support youth flourishing and development towards a fully functioning person.

References

Akkermans, J., Brenninkmeijer, V., Huibers, M., & Blonk, R. W. B. (2013). Competencies for the contemporary career: Development and preliminary validation of the Career Competencies Questionnaire. Journal of Career Development, 40(3), 245–267. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845312467501

Akkermans, J., Blokker, R., Buers, C., Van Der Heijden, B., & De Vos, A. (2021). Ready, set, go! School-to-work transition in the new career. In E. A. Marshall & J. E. Symonds (Eds.), Young adult development at the school-to-work transition: International pathways and processes (pp. 77–104). Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190941512.003.0004

Anderson, G., Leo, T. W., & Muelhaupt, R. (2014). Measuring advances in equality of opportunity: The changing gender gap in educational attainment in Canada in the last half century. Social Indicators Research, 119(1), 73–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0490-9

Blokker, R., Akkermans, J., Marciniak, J., Jansen, P. G. W., & Khapova, S. (2023). Organizing school-to-work transition research from a sustainable career perspective: A review and research agenda. Work, Aging and Retirement, 9(3), 239–261. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/waad012

Branje, S. (2022). Adolescent identity development in context. Current Opinion in Psychology, 45, 101286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.11.006

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(4), 589–597. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806

Brown, G. W. (2004). Qualidata and the preservation of meaning: Researching mental health. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 7, 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645570310001640662

Burenkova, O. V., Naumova, O. Y., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2021). Stress in the onset and aggravation of learning disabilities. Developmental Review, 61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2021.100968

Chan, X. W., & Hutchings, K. (2023). Inequalities, barriers, intersectionality, and facilitators of careers of women with disabilities: Themes and future research agenda from a scoping review. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1104784

Cheatham, L. P., & Randolph, K. (2022). Education and employment transitions among young adults with disabilities: Comparisons by disability status, type and severity. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 69(2), 467–490. https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2020.1722073

Davidson, J., & Arim, R. (2019). A profile of youth not in employment, education, or training (NEET) in Canada, 2015 to 2017 [Catalogue no. 11F0019M]. Statistics Canada.

De Vos, A., Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M., & Akkermans, J. (2020). Sustainable careers: Towards a conceptual model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 117, 103196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.06.011

Dietrich, J., Parker, P., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2012). Phase-adequate engagement at the post-school transition. Developmental Psychology, 48(6), 1575–1593. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030188

Dipeolu, A., Deutch, S., Hargravc, S., & Storlie, C. A. (2019). Developmentally relevant career constructs: Response patterns of youth with ADHD and LDs. Canadian Journal of Career Development, 18(1), 46–56. https://doi.org/10.53379/cjcd.2019.72

Dupéré, V., Dion, E., Leventhal, T., Archambault, I., Crosnoe, R., & Janosz, M. (2018). High school dropout in proximal context: The triggering role of stressful life events. Child Development, 89(2), 107–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12792

Espinet, S. D., Graziosi, G., Toplak, M. E., Hesson, J., & Minhas, P. (2022). A review of Canadian diagnosed ADHD prevalence and incidence estimates published in the past decade. Brain Sciences, 12(8), 1051. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12081051

Gouvernement du Québec. (2025). Tests et attestation de préalables (CCQ). Centre de services scolaire de Montréal. https://www.cssdm.gouv.qc.ca/formation-adultes/evaluations/#tdg

Haddad, D. (2020). Gender differences in learning disabilities: Disabilities and chronic conditions. Verywell Family. https://web.archive.org/web/20240414212250/https://www.verywellfamily.com/gender-differences-in-learning-disabilities-2162942

Homsy, M., & Savard, S. (2018). Décrochage scolaire au Québec : Dix ans surplace, malgré les efforts de financement. Institut du Québec. https://institutduquebec.ca/wpcontent/uploads/2021/02/201804-IDQ-Decrochage-scolaire-au-Quebec_IDQ_BR-002.pdf

Jehn, A., Walters, D., & Howells, S. (2019). Employment and wage gaps among recent Canadian male and female postsecondary graduates. Higher Education Policy, 34(4), 724–746. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41307-019-00162-0

Koen, J., Klehe, U.-C., & Van Vianen, A. E. M. (2012). Training career adaptability to facilitate a successful school-to-work transition. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(3), 395–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.10.003

Larose, S., Bureau, J., Cellard, C., Janosz, M., & Beaulieu, C. (2022). Le projet ESH-Transition Accommodements scolaires, pratiques pédagogiques inclusives et trajectoires d’adaptation des étudiants en situation de handicap au moment de la transition secondaire-collégial [The ESH-Transition Project: Academic accommodations, inclusive teaching practices, and adaptation trajectories of students with disabilities during the transition from secondary school to college]. Fonds de recherche du Québec – Société et culture. https://frq.gouv.qc.ca/app/uploads/2022/10/03_rapport-de-recherche_2019_pz_265564_larose.pdf

Lavoie, L., Thouin, É., Dupéré, V., & Dion, E. (2021). High school dropouts’ movements in and out of work and education during the transition to adulthood. In A. E. Marshall & J. E. Symonds (Eds.), Young adult development at the school-to-work transition: International pathways and processes (pp. 249–267). Oxford University Press. https://10.1093/oso/9780190941512.003.0011

Learning Disabilities Association of Canada. (2020). Official definition of learning disabilities. https://www.ldac-acta.ca/official-definition-of-learning-disabilities/

Lent, R. W., Ezeofor, I., Morrison, M. A., Penn, L., & Ireland, G. W. (2016). Applying the social cognitive model of career self-management to career exploration and decision-making. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 93, 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.12.007

Lindsay, S., Cagliostro, E., Albarico, M., Srikanthan, D., & Mortaji, N. (2018). A systematic review of the role of gender in securing and maintaining employment among youth and young adults with disabilities. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 28(2), 232–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-017-9726-x

Lindsay, S., Cagliostro, E., & Carafa, G. (2018). A systematic review of barriers and facilitators of disability and accommodations for youth in post-secondary education. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 65(5), 526–556. https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2018.1430352

Lindsay, S., Cagliostro, E., Leck, J., & Stinson, J. (2021). Career aspirations and workplace expectations among youth with physical disabilities. Disability and Rehabilitation, 43(12), 1657–1668. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2019.1671505

Lindstrom, L., DeGarmo, D., Khurana, A., Hirano, K., & Leve, L. (2020). Paths 2 the future: Evidence for the efficacy of a career development intervention for young women with disabilities. Exceptional Children, 87(1), 54–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0014402920924851

Lindstrom, L., Harwick, R. M., Poppen, M., & Doren, B. (2012) Gender gaps: Career development for young women with disabilities. Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, 35(2), 108–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885728812437737

Little, M., & McLennan, J. D. (2010). Teacher perceived mental and learning problems of children referred to a school mental health service. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 19(2), 94–99. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2868555/

Marcotte, J., Cloutier, R., & Fortin, L. (2010). Portrait personnel, familial et scolaire des jeunes adultes émergents (16–24 ans) accédant aux secteurs adultes du secondaire: Identification des facteurs associés à la persévérance et à l’abandon au sein de ces milieux scolaires [Personal, family, social and school characteristics of emerging adults accessing adult secondary sectors: Identification of factors associated with persistence and abandonment within these school communities]. In Action concertée persévérance et réussite scolaires [Concerted actions toward school success and perseverance]. Fonds québécois de la recherche sur la société et la culture.

Marcotte, J. (2012). Breaking down the forgotten half: Exploratory profiles of youths in Quebec’s adult education centers. Educational Researcher, 41(6), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X12445319

Matzner, F. (1994). Videotapes as training tools for the development of the KID-SCID [Paper presentation]. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42nd Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, United States.

Mazzotti, V. L., Rowe, D. A., Kwiatek, S., Voggt, A., Chang, W.-H., Fowler, C. H., Poppen, M., Sinclair, J., & Test, D. W. (2020). Secondary transition predictors of postschool success: An update to the research base. Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, 44(1), 47–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/2165143420959793

Middeldorp, M. M., Edzes, A. J., & Van Dijk, J. (2019). Smoothness of the school-to-work transition: General versus vocational upper-secondary education. European Sociological Review, 35(1), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcy043.

Ministère de l’Éducation, Québec. (2024). La relance au secondaire en formation professionnelle: Rapport de l’enquête 2021 — La situation d’emploi des personnes diplômées de 2019-2020. Gouvernement du Québec. https://cdn-contenu.quebec.ca/cdn-contenu/adm/min/education/publications-adm/education/Acces-information/reponses-transmises/2025/avril-juin/25-56_Diffusion.pdf

Morris, S., G. Fawcett, L. Brisebois, L., & Hughes, J. (2018). A demographic, employment, and income profile of Canadians with disabilities aged 15 years and over, 2017 [Catalogue no. 89-654-X2018002]. Statistics Canada. https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2018/statcan/89-654-x/89-654-x2018002-eng.pdf

Mowlem, F., Agnew-Blais, J., Taylor, E., & Asherson, P. (2019). Do different factors influence whether girls versus boys meet ADHD diagnostic criteria? Sex differences among children with high ADHD symptoms. Psychiatry Research, 272, 765–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.128

Murray, C., Kosty, D., Doren, B., Gau, J. M., & Seeley, J. R. (2021). Patterns of early adult work and postsecondary participation among individuals with high-incidence disabilities: A longitudinal person-centered analysis. Developmental Psychology, 57(4), 584–596. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001163

New Brunswick Department of Education and Early Childhood Development. (2023). Hopeful transitions guide. https://hopefultransitions.nbed.ca/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2025/01/Hopeful-Transitions-Guide.pdf

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023). Building future-ready vocational education and training systems. https://doi.org/10.1787/28551a79-en

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2024). Challenging social inequality through career guidance: Insights from international data and practice. https://doi.org/10.1787/619667e2-en

Pham, Y. K., Hirano, K. A., Lindstrom, L., & DeGarmo, D. S. (2020). Future aspirations of young women with disabilities: An examination of social cognitive career theory. Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, 43(3), 169–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/2165143420920168

Quinn, J. M., & Wagner, R. K. (2015). Gender differences in reading impairment and in the identification of impaired readers: Results from a large-scale study of at-risk readers. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 48(4), 433–445. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219413508323

Ray, J., & Zarestky, J. (2021). Gender in vocational education and training: An integrative review. European Journal of Training and Development, 46(9), 876–893. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-12-2019-0196

Schimmele, C., Sung-Hee, J., & Arim, R. (2021a). Educational experiences of young women with disabilities [Catalogue no. 36-28-0001]. Statistics Canada. https://doi.org/10.25318/36280001202101000003-eng

Schimmele, C., Sung-Hee, J., & Arim, R. (2021b). Work experiences of women with disabilities [Catalogue no. 36-28-0001]. Statistics Canada. https://doi.org/10.25318/36280001202101000003-eng

Statistics Canada. (2021). 2021 Transition binder two: Gender equality in Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/women-gender-equality/transparency/ministerial-transition-binder/2021-transition-binder-two/gender-equality-canada.html?utm

Statistics Canada. (2022). Highest level of education by census year: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations [Table 98-10-0384-01]. https://doi.org/10.25318/9810038401-eng

Statistics Canada. (2025a). Educational attainment of the population aged 25 to 64, by age group and gender, Canada, provinces and territories [Table 37-10-0130-01]. https://doi.org/10.25318/3710013001-eng

Statistics Canada. (2025b). Health indicator statistics for children and youth aged 1 to 17 years, parent reported [Table 13-10-0947-01]. https://doi.org/10.25318/1310094701-eng

Stamp, J., Dupéré, V., Pelletier-Dumas, M., Ahn, J. S., Plante, I., & Archambault, I. (2026). High-incidence learning-related disabilities, gender, and educational and employment outcomes in young adulthood. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 59(2), 94–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222194251340054

Towle, H. (2015). Disability and inclusion in Canadian education. Canadian Center for Policy Alternatives. https://www.policyalternatives.ca/news-research/disability-and-inclusion-in-canadian-education/

Walker, J. (2022, September 8). Poor cousin no more: Lessons for adult education in Canada from the past and New Zealand. Institute for Research on Public Policy. https://irpp.org/research-studies/poor-cousin-no-more-lessons-for-adult-education-in-canada-from-the-past-and-new-zealand/

Young, S., Adamo, N., Ásgeirsdóttir, B. B.,…Woodhouse, E. (2020). Females with ADHD: An expert consensus statement taking a lifespan approach providing guidance for the identification and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in girls and women. BMC Psychiatry, 20, 404. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02707-9

Downloads

Published

2026-10-07

How to Cite

Stamp, J., Dupéré, V., & Ahn, J. S. (2026). Establishing, Pursuing, and Renegotiating Career Goals at the Post-School Transition Among Young Women with Learning-Related Disabilities. Canadian Journal of Education Revue Canadienne De l’éducation, 1. https://doi.org/10.53967/cje-rce.7563

Issue

Section

Articles